四级真题2021年6月第二套 Passage One
四级真题2021年6月第二套 Passage One


①　Sugar shocked. That describes the reaction of many Americans this week following revelations that,50 years ago, the sugar industry paid Harvard scientists for research that shifted the focus away from sugar’s role in heart disease—and put the spotlight(注意的中心) squarely on dietary fat.

②　What might surprise consumers is just how many present-day nutrition studies are still funded by the food industry. Nutrition scholar Marion Nestle of New York University spent a year informally tracking industry-funded studies on food. “Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies favored the sponsor’s interest,”Nestle tells us. Other systematic reviews support her conclusions.
③　For instance, studies funded by Welch Foods—the brand behind Welch’s 100% Grape Juice—found that drinking Concord grape juice daily may boost brain function. Another, funded by Quaker Oats, concluded, as a Daily Mail story put it, that “hot oatmeal（燕麦粥)breakfast keeps you full for longer.”
④　Last year, The New York Times revealed how Coca-Cola was funding well-known scientists and organizations promoting a message that, in the battle against weight gain, people should pay more attention to exercise and less to what they eat and drink. Coca-Cola also released data detailing its funding of several medical institutions and associations between 2010 and 2015.
⑤　“It’s certainly a problem that so much research in nutrition and health is funded by industry,”says Bonnie Liebman, director of nutrition at the Center for Science in the Public Interest. “When the food industry pays for research, it often gets what it pays for.”And what it pays for is often a pro-industry finding.
⑥　Given this environment, consumers should be skeptical (怀疑的) when reading the latest finding in nutrition science and ignore the latest study that pops up on your news feed. “Rely on health experts who’ve reviewed all the evidence,” Liebman says, pointing to the official government Dietary Guidelines, which are based on reviews of hundreds of studies.
⑦　“And that expert advice remains pretty simple,” says Nestle. “We know what healthy diets are—lots of vegetables, not too much junk food, balanced calories. Everything else is really difficult to do experimentally.”

1.1. What did Harvard scientists do 50 years ago?

A They raised public awareness of the possible causes of heart disease.

B They turned public attention away from the health risks of sugar to fat.

C They placed the sugar industry in the spotlight with their new findings.

D They conducted large-scale research on the role of sugar in people’s health.

解析：选B。B 细节理解题。由题千中的 Harvard scientists 和 50 years ago 定位到首段第二句。定位句指出,50年前,制糖业资助哈佛大学科学家将研究重心从糖在心脏病中的影响,转移到了膳食脂肪。由此可见,他们把公众的注意力从糖的健康风险转移到脂肪上,故答案为 B。

2.2. What does Marion Nestle say about present-day nutrition studies?

A They took her a full year to track and analyze.

B Most of them are based on systematic reviews.

C They depend on funding from the food industries.

D Nearly all of them serve the purpose of the funders.

解析：选D。D 推理判断题。由题干中的 Marion Nestle和 present-daynutrition studies 定位到第二段。定位段第二、三句提到,纽约大学的营养学家玛丽恩·内斯特尔花了一年的时间非正式地跟踪了各种工业资助的食品研究。她指出,在将近170项研究中,大约有 90%的研究都会偏祖赞助商的利益。其他系统的研究综述也支持她的结论。由此可知，几乎所有的营养研究都是为资助者服务的,D中的Nearlyall ofthem对应原文中的 Roughly 90% of nearly 170 studies,故答案为 D。

3.3. What did Coca-Cola-funded studies claim?

A Exercise is more important to good health than diet.

B Choosing what to eat and drink is key to weight control.

C Drinking Coca-Cola does not contribute to weight gain.

D The food industry plays a major role in fighting obesity.

解析：选A。A 细节理解题。由题干中的 Coca-Cola-funded studies 定位到第四段第一句。定位句指出,去年，纽约时报披露了可口可乐公司资助知名科学家以及组织来宣传一个信息,在对抗增重的斗争中，人们应该更加注意锻炼,少关注饮食。由此可见,由可口可乐公司资助的研究声称锻炼对于身体健康比饮食更重要,故答案为 A。

4.4. What does Liebman say about industry-funded research?

A It simply focuses on nutrition and health.

B It causes confusion among consumers.

C It rarely results in objective findings.

D It runs counter to the public interest.

解析：选C。C 推理判断题。由题干中的 Liebman 和 industry-fundedresearch定位到第五段。第五段第二、三句提到,利伯曼认为“食品工业为研究提供资金时,通常会得到相应的回报。”他们所支付的往往是一个利于推动该行业的发展的发现。由此可见，由食品工业资助的研究,其结果并不客观,故答案为C。

5.5. What is the author’s advice to consumers?

A Follow their intuition in deciding what to eat.

B Be doubtful of diet experts’ recommendations.

C Ignore irrelevant information on their news feed.

D Think twice about new nutrition research findings.

解析：选D。D推理判断题。由题干中的 author’s advice to consumers定位到第六段第一句。定位句指出，鉴于这种环境，消费者在阅读营养科学的最新发现时应持怀疑态度,并且忽略新闻推送上弹出的最新研究。由此可见,作者的建议是对新的营养研究成果三思而后行，D中的Think twice对应原文中的skeptical,故答案为 D。