②　“There are fundamental public health problems, like dirty hands instead of a soap habit, that remain killers only because we can’t figure out how to change people’s habits,” said Dr. Curtis, the director of the Hygiene Center at the London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine. “We wanted to learn from private industry how to create new behaviors that happen automatically.”

③　The companies that Dr. Curtis turned to – Procter & Gamble, Colgate- Palmolive and Unilever – had invested hundreds of millions of dollars finding the subtle cues in consumers’ lives that corporations could use to introduce new routines.

④　If you look hard enough, you’ll find that many of the products we use every day – chewing gums, skin moisturizers, disinfecting wipes, air fresheners, water purifiers, health snacks, teeth whiteners, fabric softeners, vitamins – are results of manufactured habits. A century ago, few people regularly brushed their teeth multiple times a day. Today, because of shrewd advertising and public health campaigns, many Americans habitually give their pearly whites a cavity-preventing scrub twice a day, often with Colgate, Crest or one of the other brands.

⑤　A few decades ago, many people didn’t drink water outside of a meal. Then beverage companies started bottling the production of far-off springs, and now office workers unthinkingly sip bottled water all day long. Chewing gum, once bought primarily by adolescent boys, is now featured in commercials as a breath freshener and teeth cleanser for use after a meal. Skin moisturizers are advertised as part of morning beauty rituals, slipped in between hair brushing and putting on makeup.

⑥　“Our products succeed when they become part of daily or weekly patterns,” said Carol Berning, a consumer psychologist who recently retired from Procter & Gamble, the company that sold $76 billion of Tide, Crest and other products last year. “Creating positive habits is a huge part of improving our consumers’ lives, and it’s essential to making new products commercially viable.”

⑦　Through experiments and observation, social scientists like Dr. Berning have learned that there is power in tying certain behaviors to habitual cues through ruthless advertising. As this new science of habit has emerged, controversies have erupted when the tactics have been used to sell questionable beauty creams or unhealthy foods.

1.1.According to Dr. Curtis, habits like hand washing with soap ________.

A should be further cultivated

B should be changed gradually

C are deeply rooted in history

D are basically private concerns

解析：选A。A推理判断题。定位至第二段。柯蒂斯博士指出，不用肥皂洗手是致命的公共卫生问题，原因在于“我们不知道如何改变人们的习惯”，并表示“我们想向企业学习如何创造新的、无意识发生的行为”。由此可推知，他认为用肥皂洗手这种好习惯应该被创造和培养起来，故A选项正确。

2.2.Bottled water, chewing gum and skin moisturizers are mentioned in Paragraph 5 so as to ________.

A reveal their impact on people’s habits

B show the urgent need of daily necessities

C indicate their effect on people’s buying power

D manifest the significant role of good habits

解析：选A。A例证题。第五段本身是一个完整的例子，用三个具体产品（瓶装水、口香糖、润肤霜）来说明前文（第四段及全文主旨）的观点：许多日常产品是“被制造出的习惯的产物”。因此，列举这些产品的目的是为了揭示商业产品如何塑造和改变了人们的消费习惯，故A选项正确。

3.3.Which of the following does NOT belong to products that help create people’s habits?

A Tide.

B Crest.

C Colgate.

D Unilever.

解析：选D。D细节理解题。题目要求找出“不属于帮助塑造习惯的产品”的选项。A（Tide）、B（Crest）、C（Colgate）在第四、六段均被明确提及为具体产品品牌。而D（Unilever）在第三段被提及，与P&G和Colgate-Palmolive并列，是一家公司，而非具体产品品牌。因此D选项正确。

4.4.From the text we know that some of consumers’ habits are developed due to ________.

A perfected art of products

B automatic behavior creation

C commercial promotions

D scientific experiments

解析：选C。C细节理解题。文章通篇都在讲述企业通过广告、营销等商业手段来塑造消费者习惯。第四段提到“精明的广告”，第五段提到“被宣传为”，第六段引用宝洁心理学家的话，第七段明确指出“通过无休止的广告”。因此，商业推广是习惯形成的主要原因，C选项正确。A和B是习惯本身或结果，而非原因。D中的科学实验是研究者了解习惯形成机制的手段，不是习惯形成的普遍原因。

5.5.The author’s attitude toward the influence of advertisement on people’s habits is ________.

A indifferent

B negative

C positive

D biased

解析：选B。 B观点态度题。文章大部分篇幅客观描述企业利用广告塑造习惯，但在结尾句（第七段最后一句）提到“当这些策略被用来推销有问题的美容霜或不健康的食品时，争议也随之爆发。”这句话揭示了作者对这种广告影响的负面看法，暗示其可能产生不良社会后果。因此，作者的态度是带有批判性的，故B选项正确。