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①　Thinner isn’t always better. A number of studies have ____1____ that normal-weight people are in fact at higher risk of some diseases compared to those who are overweight. And there are health conditions for which being overweight is actually ____2____. For example, heavier women are less likely to develop calcium deficiency than thin women. ____3____, among the elderly, being somewhat overweight is often an ____4____ of good health.

②　Of even greater ____5____ is the fact that obesity turns out to be very difficult to define. It is often defined ____6____ body mass index, or BMI. BMI ____7____ body mass divided by the square of height. An adult with a BMI of 18 to 25 is often considered to be normal weight. Between 25 and 30 is overweight. And over 30 is considered obese. Obesity, ____8____ , can be divided into moderately obese, severely obese, and very severely obese.

③　While such numerical standards seem ____9____, they are not. Obesity is probably less a matter of weight than body fat. Some people with a high BMI are in fact extremely fit, ____10____ others with a low BMI may be in poor ____11____. For example, many collegiate and professional football players ____12____ as obese, though their percentage body fat is low. Conversely, someone with a small frame may have high body fat but a ____13____ BMI.

④　Today we have a(n) ____14____ to label obesity as a disgrace. The overweight are sometimes ____15____ in the media with their faces covered. Stereotypes ____16____ with obesity include laziness, lack of will power, and lower prospects for success. Teachers, employers, and health professionals have been shown to harbor biases against the obese. ____17____ very young children tend to look down on the overweight, and teasing about body build has long been a problem in schools.

⑤　Negative attitudes toward obesity, ____18____ in health concerns, have stimulated a number of anti-obesity ____19____. My own hospital system has banned sugary drinks from its facilities. Many employers have instituted weight loss and fitness initiatives. Michelle Obama has launched a high-visibility campaign ____20____ childhood obesity, even claiming that it represents our greatest national security threat.

1.1.

A denied

B concluded

C doubted

D ensured

解析：选B。1.B 考查动词辨析与语义逻辑。前文提出“瘦并非总是更好”，后文接“多项研究得出结论”，“concluded”（得出结论）符合“研究与观点的关联”；“denied（否认）、doubted（怀疑）”与后文观点冲突，“ensured（确保）”无“研究得出”的含义。

2.2.

A protective

B dangerous

C sufficient

D troublesome

解析：选A。2.A 考查形容词辨析与语义呼应。前文说“正常体重者某些疾病风险更高”，后文举例“超重女性更不易缺钙”，说明超重对某些健康状况有“保护作用”，“protective”（保护的）符合语义；“dangerous（危险的）、troublesome（麻烦的）”与举例逻辑相反，“sufficient（足够的）”无法体现“健康益处”。

3.3.

A Instead

B However

C Likewise

D Therefore

解析：选C。3.C 考查逻辑连接词。前文举“超重女性”的例子，后文举“老年人”的例子，是并列例证，“likewise”（同样地）表并列；“Instead（反而）、However（然而）”表转折，“Therefore（因此）”表因果，均不符合并列逻辑。

4.4.

A indicator

B objective

C origin

D example

解析：选A。4.A 考查名词辨析与语义搭配。对老年人而言，轻微超重常是健康的“指标”，“indicator”（指标、标志）符合“身体状况与健康的关联”；“objective（目标）、origin（起源）、example（例子）”均无法体现“超重反映健康”的含义。

5.5.

A impact

B relevance

C assistance

D concern

解析：选D。5.D 考查名词辨析与语义强调。“肥胖难以定义”这一事实更令人“关注”，“concern”（关注、担忧）符合语境；“impact（影响）、relevance（相关性）、assistance（协助）”均无法体现“事实的重要性引发关注”。

6.6.

A in terms of

B in case of

C in favor of

D in respects of

解析：选A。6.A 考查介词短语辨析与语义搭配。肥胖常“依据体重指数（BMI）”定义，“in terms of”（依据、按照）符合“定义的标准”；“in case of（万一）、in favor of（支持）、in respects of（关于，用法不规范）”均不符合“定义方式”的语境。

7.7.

A measures

B determines

C equals

D modifies

解析：选C。7.C 考查动词辨析与语义解释。后文明确“BMI=体重除以身高的平方”，“equals”（等于）直接对应数学公式的定义；“measures（测量）、determines（决定）、modifies（修改）”均无法体现“数值相等”的核心含义。

8.8.

A in essence

B in contrast

C in turn

D in part

解析：选C。8.C 考查逻辑连接词。前文讲BMI的分类（正常、超重、肥胖），后文讲肥胖进一步分为“中度、重度、极重度”，是“递进分类”，“in turn”（进而、依次）符合逻辑；“in essence（本质上）、in contrast（相反）、in part（部分地）”均不符合“分类递进”的关系。

9.9.

A complicated

B conservative

C variable

D straightforward

解析：选D。9.D 考查形容词辨析与语义转折。前文说“数值标准看似简单明了”，后文转折“实际并非如此”，“straightforward”（简单的、明确的）符合“表面印象与实际的反差”；“complicated（复杂的）”与转折逻辑冲突，“conservative（保守的）、variable（可变的）”无“表面简单”的含义。

10.10.

A so

B while

C since

D unless

解析：选B。10.B 考查状语从句（让步状语从句）。前文“高BMI者可能很健康”与后文“低BMI者可能健康状况差”是对比关系，“while”（然而）引导对比状语从句；“so（因此）”表因果，“since（因为）”表原因，“unless（除非）”表条件，均不符合对比逻辑。

11.11.

A shape

B spirit

C balance

D taste

解析：选A。11.A 考查名词辨析与固定搭配。“in poor shape”是固定表达，指“健康状况差”，与前文“extremely fit（身体极好）”形成对比；“spirit（精神）、balance（平衡）、taste（品味）”均无法与“健康状况”搭配。

12.12.

A start

B qualify

C retire

D stay

解析：选B。12.B 考查动词辨析与语义搭配。许多橄榄球运动员因BMI高被“归类为”肥胖，“qualify as”（被归类为、符合……标准）符合语境；“start as（以……开始）、retire as（以……退休）、stay as（保持……身份）”均无法体现“根据BMI分类”的含义。

13.13.

A strange

B changeable

C normal

D constant

解析：选C。13.C 考查形容词辨析与语义转折。体型小的人可能体脂高，但BMI“正常”，与前文“高BMI但体脂低”形成反向对比，“normal”（正常的）符合逻辑；“strange（奇怪的）、changeable（可变的）、constant（恒定的）”均无法体现“体脂与BMI的反差”。

14.14.

A option

B reason

C opportunity

D tendency

解析：选D。14.D 考查名词辨析与语义逻辑。如今人们“倾向于”将肥胖视为耻辱，“tendency”（倾向、趋势）符合“社会态度的普遍现象”；“option（选择）、reason（原因）、opportunity（机会）”均无法描述“普遍的态度倾向”。

15.15.

A employed

B pictured

C imitated

D monitored

解析：选B。15.B 考查动词辨析与语义场景。媒体中 overweight者的脸常被遮挡“刊登”，“pictured”（刊登图片、描绘）符合“媒体呈现”的场景；“employed（雇佣）、imitated（模仿）、monitored（监控）”均与“媒体报道”的语境无关。

16.16.

A compared

B combined

C settled

D associated

解析：选D。16.D 考查形容词辨析与固定搭配。与肥胖“相关联”的刻板印象包括懒惰等，“associated with”（与……相关）是固定搭配；“compared with（与……比较）、combined with（与……结合）、settled with（与……达成协议）”均不符合“刻板印象与肥胖的关联”。

17.17.

A Even

B Still

C Yet

D Only

解析：选A。17.A 考查副词辨析与语义递进。前文讲教师、雇主等对肥胖有偏见，后文“甚至幼儿也看不起超重者”，“Even”（甚至）表递进；“Still（仍然）、Yet（然而）”表转折，“Only（只有）”表限定，均不符合递进逻辑。

18.18.

A despised

B corrected

C ignored

D grounded

解析：选D。18.D 考查动词辨析与固定搭配。对肥胖的负面态度“基于”健康担忧，“grounded in”（基于、以……为根据）是固定搭配；“despised（鄙视）、corrected（纠正）、ignored（忽视）”均无法体现“态度的依据”。

19.19.

A discussions

B businesses

C policies

D studies

解析：选C。19.C 考查名词辨析与语义呼应。后文举例“医院禁含糖饮料、雇主推减重计划”，均属于“反肥胖政策”，“policies”（政策、举措）符合举例范畴；“discussions（讨论）、businesses（商业）、studies（研究）”均无法涵盖后文的具体行动。

20.20.

A for

B against

C with

D without

解析：选B。20.B 考查介词辨析与语义逻辑。米歇尔·奥巴马发起运动“反对”儿童肥胖，“against”（反对）符合“反肥胖”的核心；“for（支持）、with（和）、without（没有）”均与“运动的目的”冲突。