Renewable energy comes from natural sources replaced faster than we use them. Generating it produces far lower emissions than burning fossil fuels like coal, oil, and gas. Since fossil fuels cause most emissions today, switching to renewables is vital for solving the climate crisis. Several common sources provide this clean power.
Solar energy is the most plentiful resource. It can be collected even on cloudy days. The Earth receives solar energy about 10,000 times faster than humans consume energy. Solar technologies provide heat, cooling, light, electricity, and fuels. They change sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic panels or mirrors focusing the sun’s rays. While sun levels vary, every country can use solar power significantly.
Geothermal (地热的) energy uses heat from deep inside the Earth. Wells bring this heat to the surface. Naturally hot and permeable underground areas are hydrothermal resources. Systems improved by engineers are called enhanced geothermal systems. Hot fluids reaching the surface generate electricity. Making electricity from natural hydrothermal resources is a mature, reliable technology used over 100 years.
Meanwhile, hydropower captures energy from water moving downhill. It uses stored water in reservoirs or the natural flow of rivers (run-of-river plants). Hydropower reservoirs often have multiple uses like supplying drinking water, irrigation, flood control, and navigation, besides energy. Currently, it’s the largest renewable electricity source globally. However, it needs stable rainfall and can be harmed by climate-induced droughts or ecosystem changes affecting rain. Large hydropower structures can damage local environments. Therefore, small-scale hydro is often more environmentally friendly, especially for remote communities.
Finally, bioenergy comes from organic materials called biomass, including wood, charcoal, animal waste, and certain crops for heat, power, or fuels. In developing countries, poorer rural populations often use biomass for cooking, light, and heating. Modern systems use dedicated crops, farm/forest leftovers, and organic waste. Burning biomass releases greenhouse gases, but less than fossil fuels. Still, bioenergy use should be limited, as large-scale energy crops can cause forest loss and harmful land-use changes.
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1.1. What is emphasized about solar energy availability?
A Needs of cloudless skies.
B Limitations by geography.
C Variations across countries.
D Global access.
解析：选D。细节理解题。根据第二段中的“every country can use solar power significantly”可知，每个国家都能显著利用太阳能，即全球可使用性。故选D。
3.3. What is a challenge for hydropower according to the text?
A Excessive rainfall.
B Lack of stable water sources.
C Low construction costs.
D Favorable ecosystem changes.
解析：选B。细节理解题。从第四段中的“However, it needs stable rainfall and can be harmed by climate-induced droughts or ecosystem changes affecting rain.”可知，水力发电面临的挑战是缺乏稳定的水源。故选B。
4.4. What is a key concern about large-scale bioenergy?
A Organic waste shortage.
B Crop irrigation demands.
C Harmful land changes.
D Greenhouse gas release.
解析：选C。细节理解题。文章最后一段的“large-scale energy crops can cause forest loss and harmful land-use changes”（大规模能源作物导致森林减少和有害土地利用变化）是一种警告，C项精准对应。故选C。
