① Teenagers are paradoxical. That’s a mild and detached way of saying something that parents often express with considerably stronger language. But the paradox is scientific as well as personal. In adolescence, helpless and dependent children who have relied on grown-ups for just about everything become independent people who can take care of themselves and help each other. At the same time, once cheerful and compliant children become rebellious teenage risk-takers.

② A new study published in the journal Child Development, by Eveline Crone of the University of Leiden and colleagues, suggests that the positive and negative sides of teenagers go hand in hand. The study is part of a new wave of thinking about adolescence. For a long time, scientists and policy makers concentrated on the idea that teenagers were a problem that needed to be solved. The new work emphasizes that adolescence is a time of opportunity as well as risk.

③ The researchers studied “prosocial” and rebellious traits in more than 200 children and young adults, ranging from 11 to 28 years old. The participants filled out questionnaires about how often they did things that were altruistic and positive, like sacrificing their own interests to help a friend, or rebellious and negative, like getting drunk or staying out late.

④ Other studies have shown that rebellious behavior increases as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older. But the new study shows that, interestingly, the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior. Teenagers were more likely than younger children or adults to report that they did things like unselfishly helping a friend.

⑤ Most significantly, there was a positive correlation between prosociality and rebelliousness. The teenagers who were more rebellious were also more likely to help others. The good and bad sides of adolescence seem to develop together.

⑥ Is there some common factor that underlies these apparently contradictory developments? One idea is that teenage behavior is related to what researchers call “reward sensitivity.” Decision-making always involves balancing rewards and risks, benefits and costs. “Reward sensitivity” measures how much reward it takes to outweigh risk.

⑦ Teenagers are particularly sensitive to social rewards—winning the game, impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you. Reward sensitivity, like prosocial behavior and risk-taking, seems to go up in adolescence and then down again as we age. Somehow, when you hit 30, the chance that something exciting and new will happen at that party just doesn’t seem to outweigh the effort of getting up off the couch.

1.1. According to Paragraph 1, children growing into adolescence tend to ________.

A develop opposite personality traits

B see the world in an unreasonable way

C have fond memories of their past

D show affection for their parents

解析：选A。A 细节理解题。[精准定位]由题干中 Paragraph 1、children growing into adolescence 可定位至第一段④⑤句(In adolescence...At the same time...)。两句引出青春期的积极变化“变成了能够自理且互助的有主见之人”和与此相伴而生(At the same time)的消极特点“变为了叛逆冒险的少年”,故A项正确。[命题解密]题干询问青春期孩子的总体特点,A项中opposite personality traits准确概括④⑤句所述青春期孩子呈现出的正、反两面性。B项中 unreasonable看似符合⑤句的 rebellious teenage risk-takers,但该句只是指出“在青春期,曾经欢快听话的孩子变为了叛逆冒险的少年”,并未涉及“世界观”,see the world在文中无据可依。C项根据⑤句所指出的孩子进入青春期后呈现出与童年时期不同的人格特点捏造出文中未出现的信息“青少年会怀念美好童年”。D项将②句语义“父母以强烈的语言表达青少年的矛盾特点”曲解为“青少年向父母表达深深的爱意”。

2.2. It can be learned from Paragraph 2 that Crone’s study ________.

A explores teenagers9 social responsibilities

B examines teenagers’ emotional problems

C provides a new insight into adolescence

D highlights negative adolescent behavior

解析：选C。C 细节理解题。[精准定位]由题干中 Paragraph 2、Crone's study 可定位至第二段(A new study...by Eveline Crone...The study...The new work...)。第二段①句指出克罗恩的研究发现“青少年的积极面和消极面并存”,②③④句指出该研究是新思潮的一部分,长久以来的传统理念是“青少年(的叛逆)是一项需要解决的问题”,克罗恩的新研究则强调“青春期是一段机遇与风险并存的时期”。可见克罗恩的研究提供了对青春期的新见解,C项正确。[命题解密]C项中 provides a new insight是对②句 is part of a new wave of thinking 的同义改写，也是对③④句对比(传统理念vs新研究见解)的正确推断。A项由文中关键词 prosocial/prosociality捏造而来,亲社会性确实能体现一定的社会责任感,但选项曲解了研究课题:研究课题是“青少年的两种相对的人格特征(亲社会性和叛逆性)”,而非“青少年承担的社会责任”。B项张冠李戴且偷换概念:分析第二段可知,强调“青春期消极面/问题性”的是“传统观点”而非“克罗恩的新研究”;而且结合第三、四段可知,研究所关注的积极面和消极面并非指积极情绪和消极情绪(情绪问题),而是指亲社会性和叛逆性(人格特征)。D项对④句断章取义,将研究所强调的内容“青春期兼有机遇与风险”曲解为“青春期的负面行为”。

3.3. What does Crone’s study find about prosocial behavior?

A It results from the wish to cooperate.

B It is cultivated through education.

C It is subject to family influence.

D It tends to peak in adolescence.

解析：选D。D 细节理解题。精准定位]由题干中 Crone's study find、prosocial behavior 可定位至第四段②句至第五段末(the new study shows...prosocial behavior...prosociality...help others)。第四段②句指出,克罗恩的新研究发现亲社会行为也遵循“同样的模式”(the same pattern holds for prosocial behavior)。由上句可知同样模式”指叛逆行为的模式“在青春期增加,此后逐渐消逝”,即在青春期达到顶峰。D项正确。[命题解密]D项 peak in adolescence 是对第四段①句 increases as you become a teenager and then fades away as you grow older 所述模式的正确推断。A项由常规认识“行为事实源自内心意愿”主观得出“叛逆行为来自于不配合心理;亲社会行为来自于合作意愿”,但这并非文中克罗恩的研究发现,研究并未探究亲社会行为的成因。B项和C项均受经验、常识影响,对“青少年比年幼的孩子更可能做出亲社会行为”以及“青春期的好坏行为相伴发展进行主观臆断,得出“亲社会行为是教育的结果/受到家庭的影响”,原文并未提及该信息。

4.4. It can be learned from the last two paragraphs that teenagers ________.

A overstress their influence on others

B care a lot about social recognition

C become anxious about their future

D endeavor to live a joyful life

解析：选B。B 细节理解题。[精准定位]由题干中 the last two paragraphs 可定位至第六、七段。第七段①句指出,青少年对社交奖励(如赢得这场比赛、打动某位新朋友、引起那个男孩的注意)格外敏感,即格外看重自己的行为是否会获得社会认可,B项正确。[命题解密]B项 care a lot about social recognition是对第七段①句的 are particularly sensitive to social rewards的同义改写,其中 social recognition 是对句中举例 winning the game,impressing a new friend, getting that boy to notice you 的高度概括。A项对第七段首句 impressing...、getting...to notice you断章取义,文意强调的是“自己获得外界的认可”而非“自己能够影响他人”。C项由②句 Reward...(go)down again as we age 过度推导出“青少年(因回报将随着年龄增长而减少)对未来感到担心”,实际上该句为对回报敏感性(Reward sensitivity)变化趋势的客观描述,不涉及青少年对未来的看法。D项将“青少年对社交奖励格外敏感2偷换为“青少年追求快乐生活”,但文中讨论的是青少年的“决策偏好/对回报与风险的权衡”,并未上升至“生活目的”层面。

5.5. What is the text mainly about?

A Why teenagers are self-contradictory.

B Why teenagers are risk-sensitive.

C How teenagers develop prosociality.

D How teenagers become independent.

解析：选A。A 主旨大意题。[精准定位]由题干中 the text(is) mainly about 可知本题考査全文主旨,需着眼全篇。本文首段介绍现象“青少年是自我矛盾的:既独立互助,又叛逆冒险”,并指出这有其科学原因;随后第二至五段详述有关青少年矛盾性的最新研究发现;第六、七段探讨青少年矛盾性产生的原因:青少年格外在意“社交奖励”,因此更容易做出利他或叛逆行为。文章整体论证结构为“阐释现象(青少年具有两面性)一分析原因”,A项正确。[命题解密]A 项 Why teenagers are self-contradictory 体现全文核心话题“青少年的矛盾性('Teenagers are paradoxical... prosociality and rebelliousness... contradictory developments...),且体班文章整体论证结构“阐释现象一分析原因”(Teenagers are paradoxical...Is there some common factor...),故正确。B项将文中提及的关键概念 reward sensitivity(回报敏感性)和文中论述的重心之一“青少年的冒险特性(risk-takers/risk-taking)”糅杂,捏造出与文意相反的信息“对风险敏感(risk-sensitive)”。C、D两项均以偏概全、偏离论述方向:prosociality 和 become independent 都只涉及青少年“两面性”中的一面,而且文章并未论述如何增强亲社会性/实现自我独立的方法。