①Heat action plans, or HAPs, have been proliferating in India in the past few years. In general, an HAP spells out when and how officials should issue heat warnings and alert hospitals and other institutions. Nagpur’s plan, for instance, calls for hospitals to set aside “cold wards” in the summer for treating heatstroke patients, and advises builders to give construction laborers a break from work on very hot days.
②But implementation of existing HAPs has been uneven, according to a report from the center for Policy Research. Many lack adequate funding, it found. And their triggering thresholds often are not customized to the local climate. In some areas, high daytime temperatures alone might serve as an adequate trigger for alerts. But in other places, nighttime temperatures or humidity might be as important a gauge of risk as daytime highs.
③Mumbai’s April heat stroke deaths highlighted the need for more nuanced and localized warnings, researchers say. That day’s high temperature of roughly 36°C was 1°C shy of the heat wave alert threshold for coastal cities set by national meteorological authorities. But the effects of the heat were amplified by humidity — an often neglected factor in heat alert systems — and the lack of shade at the late-morning outdoor ceremony.
④To help improve HAPs, urban planner Kotharkar’s team is working on a model plan that outlines best practices and could be adapted to local conditions. Among other things, she says, all cities should create a vulnerability map to help focus responses on the populations most at risk.
⑤Such mapping doesn’t need to be complex, Kotharkar says. “A useful map can be created by looking at even a few key parameters.” For example, neighborhoods with a large elderly population or informal dwellings that cope poorly with heat could get special warnings or be bolstered with cooling centers. The Nagpur project has already created a risk and vulnerability map, which enabled Kotharkar to tell officials which neighborhoods to focus on in the event of a heat wave this summer.
⑥HAPs shouldn’t just include short-term emergency responses, researchers say, but also recommend medium- to long-term measures that could make communities cooler. In Nagpur, for example, Kotharkar’s team has been able to advise city officials about where to plant trees to provide shade. HAPs could also guide efforts to retrofit homes or modify building regulations. “Reducing deaths in an emergency is a good target to have, but it’s the lowest target,” says Climate researcher Chandni Singh.
1.1.According to Paragraph 1, Nagpur’s plan proposes measures to
A tackle extreme weather.
B ensure construction quality.
C monitor emergency warnings.
D address excessive workloads.
解析：选A。1.A细节理解题。第一段第三句列举那格浦尔市的（高温行动）计划的两项具体要求：一是对医院——预留“清凉病房”用于治疗中暑患者，二是对建筑公司——酷热天气让工人停工，这两点都是针对高温极端天气的应对措施，A项是对该句内容的合理概括。故选A。
2.2.One problem with existing HAPs is that they
A prove too costly to be implemented.
B lack localized alert-issuing criteria.
C give delayed responses to heat waves.
D keep hospitals under great pressure.
解析：选B。2.B细节理解题。第二段第三句指出，它们的触发阈值往往没有根据当地气候进行调整（triggering thresholds意为“何种情况应触发预警并执行HAPs”），即HAPs一刀切，未能充分考虑地区间的气候差异，缺乏适合当地实际情况的警报发布标准，B项正确。故选B。
3.3.Mumbai’s case shows that India’s heat alert systems need to
A include other factors besides temperature.
B take subtle weather changes into account.
C prioritize potentially disastrous heat waves.
D draw further support from local authorities.
解析：选A。3.A细节理解题。第三段首句指出，孟买的中暑事件凸显了发布更精准入微、更贴合当地情况的预警的必要性，第二三句进而细述事件“当天的最高气温并未达到触发高温预警的阈值，但湿度和缺少树荫这两个因素却加剧了高温的影响，导致大范围中暑情况”，换言之，事件发生的关键原因在于未考虑到温度以外的因素（湿度以及是否有遮荫处），A项契合文意。故选A。
4.4.Kotharkar holds that a vulnerability map can help
A prevent the harm of high humidity.
B target areas needing special attention.
C expand the Nagpur project’s coverage.
D make relief plans for heat-stricken people.
解析：选B。4.B推理判断题。第四段第二句指出，所有城市都应该创建一份高温脆弱性地图，以便将应对措施重点聚焦于最易受伤害的人群，可见，脆弱性地图有助于锁定需要特别关注的重点人群/区域，B项正确。故选B。
5.5.According to the last paragraph, researchers believe that HAPs should _
A focus more on heatstroke treatment.
B invite wider public participation.
C apply for more government grants.
D serve a broader range of purposes.
解析：选D。5.D段落大意题。第六段首句指出，高温行动计划（HAPs）不仅应包括短期应急响应，还应采取多种中长期措施以使社区降温，随后第四句指出，减少紧急情况下的死亡人数只是最低目标，换言之，高温行动计划不应仅局限于短期应急响应，而应有更广泛、更长远的目的，D项正确。故选D。
