六级真题2024年6月第一套 Passage One
① It is irrefutable that employees know the difference between right and wrong. So why don’t more employees intervene when they see someone exhibiting at-risk behavior in the workplace?
② There are a number of factors that influence whether people intervene. First, they need to be able to see a risky situation beginning to unfold. Second, the company’s culture needs to make them feel safe to speak up. And third, they need to have the communication skills to say something effectively.
③ This is not strictly a workplace problem; it’s a growing problem off the job too. Every day people witness things on the street and choose to stand idly by. This is known as the bystander effect—the more people who witness an event, the less likely anyone in that group is to help the victim. The psychology behind this is called diffusion of responsibility. Basically, the larger the crowd, the more people assume that someone else will take care of it—meaning no one effectively intervenes or acts in a moment of need.
④ This crowd mentality is strong enough for people to evade their known responsibilities. But it’s not only frontline workers who don’t make safety interventions in the workplace. There are also instances where supervisors do not intervene either.
⑤ When a group of employees sees unsafe behavior not being addressed at a leadership level it creates the precedent that this is how these situations should be addressed, thus defining the safety culture for everyone.
⑥ Despite the fact that workers are encouraged to intervene when they observe unsafe operations, this happens less than half of the time. Fear is the ultimate factor in not intervening. There is a fear of penalty, a fear that they’ll have to do more work if they intervene. Unsuccessful attempts in the past are another strong contributing factor to why people don’t intervene—they tend to prefer to defer that action to someone else for all future situations.
⑦ On many worksites, competent workers must be appointed. Part of their job is to intervene when workers perform a task without the proper equipment or if the conditions are unsafe. Competent workers are also required to stop work from continuing when there’s a danger.
⑧ Supervisors also play a critical role. Even if a competent person isn’t required, supervisors need a broad set of skills to not only identify and alleviate workplace hazards but also build a safety climate within their team that supports intervening and open communication among them.
1.1.What is one of the factors contributing to failure of intervention in face of risky behavior in the workplace?
A Slack supervision style.
B Unfavorable workplace culture.
C Unforeseeable risk.
D Blocked communication.
解析：选B。B 细节理解题。第二段分析影响“员工是否干预工作场所中的危险行为”的三个因素。其中③句阐述第二项因素“公司文化需要让员工觉得可以安全地畅所欲言,员工才会选择干预工作场所中的危险行为”,由此可反向推知“不良的工作场所文化会让员工不敢畅所欲言,从而选择不去出面干预危险行为”, 故B项正确。[排除干扰]A 项利用第四段③句 supervisors do not intervene 设障,但该句意在说明“不仅是一线员工不进行安全干预,管理者有时候也不进行干预”,而非“松懈的管理方式会导致员工选择不对危险加以干预”。CD两项均将原文所指出的主观因素窜改为客观因素:第二段②句指出“员工只有在自己有能力察觉到危险情况正在开始显露的情况下,才能对危险行为进行干预”,而非“危险客观上的不可预见性会导致员工选择不干预”故排除 C项:第二段④句指出“员工需要具备有效沟通的技能,才能对工作场所中的危险行为进行干预”,而非“沟通客观上受阻会导致员工选择不干预危险行为”，故排除D项。
2.2.What does the author mean by “diffusion of responsibility” (Para. 3)?
A The more people are around, the more they need to worry about their personal safety.
B The more people who witness an event, the less likely anyone will venture to participate.
C The more people idling around on the street, the more likely they need taking care of.
D The more people are around, the less chance someone will step forward to intervene.
解析：选D。D 词意指代题。第三段⑤句对“责任分散”这一术语的内涵进行了详细解释,即“人群越大,越多人就会认为别人会去处理需要处理的责任,也就意味着有人站出来进行干预的可能性越小”故D项正确。[排除干扰]A 项利用文中复现的 safety 结合常识进行干扰,但文中的 safety 均指向“工作场所安全”,而非“个人安全”,且全文并不涉及“旁人多”与“自身安全”之间的关系。B项将“冒险参与事件”主观等同于文中的“对事件的受害者伸出援手”,但前者映射的内容显然更加发散,不能明确表达文中信息。C项利用第三段②句捏造干扰,但该句意在指出“旁观者效应不仅发生在工作场所,也发生在其他地方,比如大街上”,与题干所问的“责任分散”无关，故排除。
3.3.What happens when unsafe behavior at the workplace is not addressed by the leaders?
A No one will intervene when they see similar behaviors.
B Everyone will see it as the easiest way to deal with crisis.
C Workers have to take extra caution executing their duties.
D Workers are left to take care of the emergency themselves.
解析：选A。A 细节理解题。第五段明确指出“当员工看到不安全行为没有得到领导层的解决时,就会以此为例,认为这就是正常的处理方式”,即员工会效仿领导,不去干预工作场所中出现的不安全行为,故 A项正确。[排除干扰] B项将第六段③句所述“害怕干预后会给自己招来更多工作”窜改为“认为不干预是处理危机最简单的方式”,前者强调的是私心“少给自己找麻烦”,而后者属于单纯的“认知问题”,即“看到领导这么干,就认为这么干最简单”,且第六段讨论的是“即便鼓励员工出面干预,员工仍然不愿主动干预的原因”,与第五段中的“领导不出面处理不安全行为对员工产生的不良影响”并无关联。。项同样利用第六段(3)句所述“员工害怕干预会招来惩罚”过度引申出“员工需要格外小心”。D项由第五段“员工看到不安全的行为没有被领导处理”主观推出“只能员工自己来处理紧急情况”,但在文中并未提及。
4.4.What is the ultimate reason workers won’t act when they see unsafe operations?
A Preference of deferring the action to others.
B Anticipation of leadership intervention.
C Fear of being isolated by coworkers.
D Fear of having to do more work.
解析：选D。D 细节理解题。第六段②句指出“恐惧是员工不出面干预的根本因素”,③句进而对恐惧进行具体说明“有对惩罚的恐惧,也有对如果出面干预就得做更多工作的恐惧”,换言之,员工不进行干预的根本原因是害怕惩罚以及进行干预之后不得不做更多的工作，D项正确。[排除干扰]A 项利用第六段末 defer that action to someone else(把干预这件事交给其他人)干扰,但这是另一个重要因素(another strong contributing factor),即“过去失败过”所导致的结果,并非员工们不进行干预的根本原因。B项由第五段的 leadership 捏造而来,但定位段并未提及员工对领导层的态度。C项由关键词 fear捏造而来，但“害怕被同事孤立”在文中并未提及。
5.5.What is critical to ensuring workplace safety?
A Workers be trained to operate their equipment properly.
B Workers exhibiting at-risk behavior be strictly disciplined.
C Supervisors create a safety environment for timely intervention.
D Supervisors conduct effective communication with frontline workers.
解析：选C。C 推理判断题。第八段介绍管理者在保证工作场所安全方面的重要性,②句指出“管理者不仅要识别并消除工作场所中的危险,还要在团队中营造一种鼓励主动干预和坦诚沟通的安全氛围,C项是对原文的同义改写。其中的 a safety environment 对应 a safety climate,for timely intervention 对应 supports intervening,C 项正确。[排除干扰]A 项由第七段②句(perform a task without the proper equipment)和第九段(educate everyone)的碎片信息杂糅而来,但第九段提及的教育针对的是“培养所有人的主动出面干预的意识”,并非“正确操作设备的技能”。B项由第一段②句(exhibiting at-risk behavior)以及第六段③句(penalty)的碎片信息捏造而来,但后者涉及的是“人们害怕对危险行为出面干预会带来惩罚”,文中并未提及要对有危险行为的员工进行处罚。D项将第二段(communication skills...effectively)和第九段(frontline worker)的碎片信息杂糅,文中并无直接对应的信息。