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高中英语非谓语动词超全解析,一篇吃透(含接不定式动名词口诀)



在高中英语语法的学习中,非谓语动词堪称重点与难点,是高考的高频考点。掌握好非谓语动词,对提升英语成绩有着至关重要的作用。而扎实的词汇基础和丰富的阅读积累,能让语法学习事半功倍。奇速英语思维导图故事记单词(7天速记小学800/中考1800词汇/高考3500词汇)通过科学方法帮你快速攻克词汇难关,奇速英语时文阅读(海量万篇+日更新+个性化+听说读写一体化)则能让你在真实语境中提升语感,二者结合为语法学习打下坚实基础。接下来,就让我们一起在奇速英语AI伴学(同步故事闯关背单词+个性化时文阅读+英语方法技巧+纸质定制学案+真人1对1陪练)的助力下,深入探索非谓语动词的奥秘。


一、非谓语动词的定义

非谓语动词,是指在句子中不能单独作谓语,但仍保留动词某些特征的动词形式。它不受主语的人称和数的限制,却可以有自己的宾语、状语等,还能体现出时态和语态的变化。

非谓语动词主要包括三大类:

- 不定式(to do)

- 动词-ing 形式(doing,包括现在分词和动名词)

- 过去分词(done)

二、非谓语动词的形式及特点

(一)不定式(to do)

- 一般式:to do(主动);to be done(被动)。

表示动作发生在谓语动词之后或与之同时进行。

例:I want to go shopping.(to go 在 want 之后);The problem to be discussed at the meeting is very important.(to be discussed 表被动,将在会议上发生)

- 进行式:to be doing(主动)。

表示动作与谓语动词同时进行且正在发生。

例:He seems to be reading in the library now.(seem 与 be reading 同时发生)

- 完成式:to have done(主动);to have been done(被动)。

表示动作在谓语动词之前发生。

例:I am sorry to have kept you waiting.(to have kept 在 am sorry 之前);The book is said to have been translated into many languages.(翻译动作在“据说”之前,表被动)

只能接不定式的动词口诀:

- 口诀一:同意提出做计划,要求答应来帮忙。准备决定遭拒绝,敢于选择有希望。不能做到莫假装,设法做成决心坚。

对应动词:agree(同意)、offer(提出)、intend/plan(打算/计划);demand/ask(要求)、promise(答应)、help(帮忙);prepare(准备)、decide(决定)、refuse(拒绝);dare(敢于)、choose(选择)、wish/hope/want/expect(希望/想要);fail(不能)、pretend(假装);manage(设法)、determine(决心)。


- 口诀二:三个希望两答应,两个要求莫拒绝;设法学会做决定,不要假装在选择。

对应动词:hope,wish,want(三个希望);agree,promise(两答应);demand,ask(两个要求),refuse(拒绝);manage,learn,decide(设法学会做决定);pretend,choose(假装在选择)。

- 口诀三:决定想做计划需要同意能做被用来做的事,迫不及待下决心做过去常常未能做的事。

对应短语:decide to do(决定)、want/would like to do(想做)、plan to do(计划)、need to do(需要)、agree to do(同意)、afford to do(能做)、be used to do(被用来)、can't wait to do(迫不及待)、make up one's mind to do(下决心)、used to do(过去常常)、fail to do(未能)。

(二)动词-ing 形式(doing)

- 一般式:doing(主动);being done(被动)。

表示动作与谓语动词同时发生。

例:I enjoy listening to music.(listening 与 enjoy 同时);The building being built is our new library.(being built 与谓语动作同时,表被动)

- 完成式:having done(主动);having been done(被动)。

强调动作在谓语动词之前完成。

例:Having finished his homework, he went out to play.(finish 在 went out 之前);Having been shown around the school, the guests were very satisfied.(参观动作在“满意”之前,表被动)

只能接动名词的动词口诀:

- 口诀一:喜欢、考虑不可免(enjoy,consider,escape,avoid);停止,放弃太冒险(stop,give up,risk);反对想象莫推延(mind,imagine,delay,put off);要求完成是期望(require,finish,look forward to);不禁原谅要坚持(can’t help,excuse,insist on);继续注意使成功(keep on,mind,succeed in)。

- 口诀二:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练,否定完成停欣赏。

- 口诀三:考虑建议盼原谅,承认推迟没得想。避免错过继续练,否认完成就欣赏。禁止想象才冒险,不禁介意准逃亡。难以忍受始反对,想要成功坚持忙。习惯放弃有困难,导致专心防道歉。

- 口诀四:喜欢花费,忙着想象,忍不住想要结束练习。错过建议,保持介意,值得考虑。

(三)过去分词(done)

过去分词只有一种形式,本身表示被动或完成。

例:The broken window needs to be repaired.(broken 表被动和完成);The excited students cheered loudly.(excited 表学生被激发的情绪,被动且完成)。


三、非谓语动词在句中的作用

(一)作主语

- 不定式作主语:表具体行为,谓语用单数,常用 it 作形式主语。

例:To get up early is a good habit. = It is a good habit to get up early.;It is difficult for us to solve the problem.

- 动名词作主语:表一般行为,谓语用单数,也可用 it 作形式主语。

例:Collecting stamps is my hobby. = It is my hobby collecting stamps.;It's no use crying over spilt milk.(it 作形式主语,crying 是真正主语)

(二)作宾语

- 只能接不定式的动词:agree, aim, arrange, choose, decide, demand, desire, determine, expect, fail, intend, learn, plan, manage, offer, prepare, pretend, promise, refuse, threaten, wish 等。

例:He decided to study abroad.

- 只能接动名词的动词:admit, dislike, appreciate, avoid, enjoy, bear, escape, stand, deny, consider, mind, miss, finish, resist, imagine, risk, practice, suggest 等。

例:I can't stand waiting any longer.

- 接不定式与动名词意义不同的动词:

- remember to do(记得去做,未做);remember doing(记得做过,已做)

例:Remember to lock the door.(未锁);I remember locking the door.(已锁)

- forget to do(忘记去做,未做);forget doing(忘记做过,已做)

例:Don't forget to turn off the lights.(未关);I forget telling him the news.(已告诉)

- stop to do(停下做另一件事);stop doing(停止正在做的事)

例:He stopped to have a rest.(停下去休息);Stop talking.(停止说话)

- go on to do(做完一件事接着做另一件);go on doing(继续做同一件事)

例:He went on to read a novel.(做完作业后读小说);He went on doing his homework.(继续做作业)

(三)作表语

- 不定式作表语:说明主语具体内容,表一次性行为。

例:My dream is to become a doctor.

- 动名词作表语:说明主语内容(可转换为句首主语),或表主语性质。

例:Her hobby is painting. = Painting is her hobby.;The story is very interesting.(表特征)

- 分词作表语:现在分词表“令人……的”(主语性质);过去分词表“感到……的”(主语状态)。

例:The movie is exciting.(令人兴奋);I am interested in the book.(感到感兴趣)

(四)作定语

- 不定式作定语:与修饰词可能是主谓或动宾关系;名词前有 only, last, next, 序数词或最高级时常用;部分名词(如 chance)后常接不定式。

例:He is the last one to leave.(主谓关系);I have a lot of work to do.(动宾关系);He is the first to come.(序数词后);She has a chance to go abroad.(chance 后)

- 动词-ing 形式作定语:表正在进行的动作(相当于进行时定语从句),或表用途、状态。

例:The boy standing there is my brother. = The boy who is standing there...(正在进行);a reading room(阅览室,表用途)

- 过去分词作定语:表被动或已完成的动作,逻辑宾语是所修饰的名词。

例:The fallen leaves covered the ground.(已完成);The broken bike needs repair.(被动且完成)

(五)作状语

- 不定式作状语:表目的、原因、结果(only + 不定式表意外结果)。

例:To get good grades, we study hard.(目的);I am glad to see you.(原因);He hurried to the station, only to find the train had left.(意外结果)

- 动词-ing 形式作状语:表时间、原因、结果、条件、让步、方式、伴随,前可加 while, when 等连词。

例:Walking in the street, I met a friend.(时间,= When I was walking...);Being ill, he didn't go to school.(原因,= Because he was ill...);He worked hard, making great progress.(结果)

- 过去分词作状语:表时间、原因、条件、让步等,前可加连词,逻辑主语与动作是被动关系。

例:Seen from the hill, the city looks beautiful.(时间,= When it is seen...);Given more time, we could do better.(条件,= If we are given...);Though tired, he worked on.(让步,= Though he was tired...)

(六)作宾语补足语

- 动词-ing 形式作宾补:表正在进行或反复的动作,常见于 see, watch, hear, have, keep, leave 等词后。

例:I saw him playing basketball.(正在进行);Don't leave the water running.(反复)

- 不定式作宾补:表动作全过程,常见于 ask, tell, order, want, advise, invite 等词后。

例:The teacher asked the students to finish homework on time.(全过程)

- 过去分词作宾补:表被动或完成,宾语是动作承受者,常见于 have, get, make 等词后。

例:I had my hair cut yesterday.(hair 是 cut 的承受者)

四、非谓语动词独立结构

非谓语动词可带独立逻辑主语(名词或代词),构成独立结构,常用作状语。

例:The weather permitting, we will go for a picnic.(条件状语);The meeting over, they all went home.(时间状语)

掌握非谓语动词需要不断练习和总结,结合奇速英语思维导图故事记单词巩固词汇,通过奇速英语时文阅读积累语境经验,再借助奇速英语AI伴学的个性化指导,定能准确判断其形式和用法。希望以上内容能帮助大家轻松应对相关题目,提升英语水平!



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